Monday 9 November 2015

ONLINE HISTOLOGY SLIDES FIRST YEAR MBBS

thyroid_Histology_slide


ONLINE HISTOLOGY ATLAS – Histology slides
We have prepared an online atlas of histology that has following histology slides terming it as HISTOLOGY MADE EASY. These histology slides can be used for practical exams MBBS while others may find it useful in their ways. Hope the following slides help you in exams and learning it better, though you will have to refer a histology atlas book which can be downloaded from the following links :-

PROJECT HEAVEN GEMINI | FIRST HUMAN HEAD TRANSPLANT

HUMAN HEAD TRANSPLANT



“If Heaven is reckless, nature is crazier, and nature must be given pause when it comes to what it does to us all as creatures on this planet"- Dr. Sergio Canavero

In july 2013, Italian neurosurgeon Dr.Sergio Canavero made the world aware of his plans of performing the ritual against the nature. He told the world that head anastomosis venture can be made possible. Question is,what is head anastomosis? The word speaks itself, joining head of a person into another. WAIT WHAT??

STOOL COLORS AND PATTERNS INTERPRETATION

Stool Colors and Patterns

There are two types of people, one who talk open about the color and consistency of their stool while there are most people who are shy enough to talk about it and try avoiding the topic. But one day or another, when we visit physician, we have to answer when they ask- “what is the color of stool you are having?”. In the end, we all poop! Then why be ashamed and not ask questions about your tummy?

It is equally important for a doctor to ask color and consistency of poop. This may not appear an important question, but it can reveal a lot about the bowel movement and other conditions of the patient. This blog will just help understand different color and consistency of stool.


In this blog, we will make things easy and divide the topic- Color and Consistency of Stool, into three parts as:-


1. Normal Stool (Enterohepatic Urobilinogen Cycle)

2. Colors of Stool

3. Consistency and Pattern of Stool


1. Normal Stool


Normal Color of Stool




The normal color of poop is Yellow Brown. This is imparted due to Stercobilin, which come from bilirubin through a complex cycle known as Enterohepatic Urobilinogen Cycle. Enterohepatic Urobilinogen Cycle starts from red blood cells lysis or breakdown. This destruction of senescent RBC and/or ineffective red blood cell formation (erythropoiesis) leads to release of Haem (from haemoglobin). This gets converted into Bilirubin and transferred to liver. From liver, passed to gall bladder and secreted into Intestines. In intestines, most of it is converted into UROBILINOGEN. This Urobilinogen, under Bacterial Influence, gets converted into Stercobilinogen/Stercoblin which is passed into faece, hence, providing NORMAL YELLOW BROWN COLOR to Stool.





Normal Consistency or Pattern of Stool


Healthy poop is snake or sausage shaped. This indicates it had optimal nutrients and water in it. This is result of healthy intestinal contractions without any pathology or disease in gastrointestinal tract (GIT).


2. Different colors of Stool


Interpretation of stool color is given as follows:-


Brown Stool

 


Normal color of poop,nothing to worry about.


Light-colored, White or Clay colored Stool

 


This indicates lack of stercobilin, i.e, lack of bile into intestines. It means problem in drainage of biliary system, which can mean either Liver is not releasing enough bile or there is bile duct obstruction, preventing release of bile into intestine. Some diseases in which White stool appears is biliary cirrhosis, gallstones, sclerosing cholangitis, as well as cysts, tumors or cancers of the liver, the bile ducts, gallbladder or pancreas, etc. It can also occur from anti-diarrheal drugs like bismuth subsalicylate and others.


Black Stool

 


This typically means there is bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract which can include stomach, oesophagus and small intestine. The blood leak from the organ had enough time to get dried and be black.


Bright Red Stool

 


This typically means there is bleeding in Lower gastrointestinal tract, which includes large intestine and rectum. This is most common in haemorrhoid (piles). The blood didn't have enough time to dry up, and so it is more of fresh since it leaked from vessels.


Green stool

 


The basic principle infesting this is that food is moving in a much faster way in large intestines, thus, the bile juice from gall bladder didn't have enough time to be broken down into stercobilin by bacterial enzymes. This can occur as in severe diarrhea.


Blue stool

 


This occurs in dye techniques being used for study of gastrointestinal tract.


3. Consistency and Pattern of Stool


The consistency and shape or pattern of stool can be as:-

Hard pebble-like stool


This type of poop is hard to pass. It has been there in your large intestine for quite a long period, draining it of water and nutrients. It can mean Constipation often.

Liquid stool


It occurs when small intestine is irritated. It causes quick passing into large intestine, without absorbing nutrients and water. The large intestine also doesn't get enough time to reabsorb this water and nutrients and excess of water,thus, collects in rectum. It pressurizes the rectum and thus,occurs as Diarrhoea.

Floating stool


It occurs when lot of air has accumulated in your large intestines. It often means bad digestion. This air will get mixed with your stool and so, it will float.

Full of mucus


Mucus lines the lower GIT, and lubricates the surfaces, thus, causing easy passage of stool. Significant amount of mucus in your stool can often mean giardiasis and amoebiasis. If other symptoms like blood are involved, one should see a doctor. This could sometime mean serious complications like cancer of colon or rectum, fissure or fistula of rectum, ulcerative colitis, crohn's disease,etc.

Foul smelling stool


Normally, the poop does gives a bad smell. It can often mean diet changes. But if it excessively foul smelling and intolerant, it can mean Crohn's disease,Chronic pancreatitis,Intestinal infection,Malabsorption,Short bowel syndrome,etc.


Hope you got your answers if you had any. If you doubt if you are not pooping well, go see a doctor!

EXIT EXAM AFTER MBBS | MCI AND IMA


In AIPGMEE 2014, taking 50% criteria, the results were clear- Govt.- 22,802; Private-8,862 and Foreign institutions-1,188 passed the post graduate exam.

This has concerned MCI as they believe,in need of generating doctors in India, they have lost the 'Quality' of doctors. And so, they have come up with new proposal- EXIT EXAM TEST, which will be taken after a student has passed all his 5 years of MBBS.

This has been widely criticised by the students all over India, while some continue to support it. Not just the students, IMA (Indian Medical Association) have also clashed in between the need of EXIT EXAM TEST.

What is EXIT EXAM?

Exit Exam is a license to be called as Graduate and Practice as Doctor.

Proposed by ministry in presence of MCI and IMA, it is more of licensing exam to be called as 'GRADUATE' even after you have completed your MBBS. It is also known as 'all-india-chapter'. Let's clear this. Currently, doctors get registration after MBBS from MCI to practice in their state. If they have to move and practice in another state, they have to take registration from MCI for that state. According to MCI, if a student passes exit exam, he will no longer need to register with MCI for practise in different states, rather, he can practice anywhere in India with Exit Exam certificate.


Some officials have also said that this can also limit the students who don't pass Exit Exam, from giving PG exams!


Different thought Different opinions

WHAT MCI BELIEVES


Every year, 100,00 students give PG exams, and 25,000 pass from them. There is a need to check the quality of doctors India is getting with time. This exit exam will test both government as well as private college students if they can actually practice. Countries like US,China,Thailand, Australia and UK are already having licensing exams after final year of MBBS to become graduate, so why not India? Not just the students, this will also help MCI to rank colleges. Apart from just an exit exam, it will also give Doctors a hassle free opportunity to practise anywhere in India as explained by the term 'all-india-chapter'.

WHAT IMA THINKS


IMA has currently criticised the need of an Exit Exam after MBBS in India with belief that Practical Knowledge is more important.

An exit exam will create two kinds of doctors in society, one who passed exit exam and are superior, others who didn't, tagged as inferior.

"Those students who are unable to clear the Exit Exam, their 5 years of MBBS will go nothing but in vain"- said K.K Aggarwal. He added,"MCI should rather propose combined level entrance exams to ensure quality". NEET is one such proposal from IMA. IMA has asked to replace, not add, final year exam by exit exam.

Not just this, it also questions the credibility of MBBS course, which is considered the toughest graduate course in the world.

And finally, the students after MBBS already have burden of preparing for PG exams, this will just add another headache for students.

WHAT STUDENTS HAVE IN MIND


Students opinions are worth noting. While some enlighten the fact that MBBS is already a long course, with a follow up of preparation of PG,then doing PG, then job and then finally settling with a life-long of companionship with books; others still support exit exam saying that this is no issue with them since they are always prepared to be better.


The question is, Do you support exit exam? Do you want it to pass or you want to raise voice against this proposal of ministry?

Leave your precious words to let us know what you believe.

PHARYNGEAL BRANCHIAL ARCH DERIVATIVES MNEOMONICS

Pharyngeal-arch-branchial-derviative-mnemonic

First Pharyngeal Arch


Derivative of 1st Branchial Arch are a compilation of M and T:-

M-T

Muscles

2M4T

Mastication muscles (Temporalis,Masseter,Pterygoid)
Mylohyoid
Tensor tympani
Tensor veli palatini
Tongue- anterior two third
digasTric muscle- anterior belly

Skeletal

4M2T

Maxilla
Malleus + incus
Meckel cartilage
sphenoMandibular ligament
Temporal bone- squamous part
zygomaTic

Nerve

MT

Mandibular division of Trigeminal nerve

Artery


Maxillary artery


Second Pharyngeal Arch


Derivative of 2nd Branchial Arch can be learnt as S and as:-

S

Muscles


Stapedius
Stylohyoid
Smile- muscles of facial expression
BAPP as-
Buccinator
Auricular muscles
Platysma
Posterior belly of digastric muscle

Skeletal


Stapes
Styloid process
Stylohyoid ligament
lesser cornua and upper half of body of hyoid
reichert's cartilage

Nerve


Seventh nerve (facial nerve)

Artery


Stapedial artery
hyoid artery


Third Pharyngeal Arch


Derivatives of 3rd Branchial Arch are like GlossoPharyngeus, that is, GP:-

GP

Muscles


styloPharyngeus

Skeletal


Greater cornea and lower half of hyoid

Nerve


GlossoPharyngeal nerve

Arteries


common carotid artery and internal carotid artery


Fourth Pharyngeal Arch


Derivatives of 4th Branchial Arch can be traced back to Thyroid:-

Muscle


cricoThyroid
pharyngeal constrictors
levator veli palatini

Skeletal


Thyroid cartilage
epiglottic cartilage

Nerve


superior laryngeal nerve

Artery


4th left- Aortic arch
4th right- Subclavian arch


Sixth Pharyngeal Arch


Derivative of 6th Branchial Arch can be traced back to Larynx as:-

Muscles


Larynx- all intrinsic muscles except cricothyroid

Skeletal


Larynx- all cartilages except thyroid (cricoid,corniculate,cuneiform and arytenoid)

Nerve


Laryngeal nerve- recurrent

Artery


6th left- Pulmonary artery and Ductus arteriosus
6th right- Pulmonary artery

This is a way to learn the derivatives of pharyngeal arches. But it's always better to understand things than to mug up.
-Learning nerve supply followed by derivatives is highly recommended because that will make your basics further strong.

DEJA VU- DID IT ALREADY HAPPEN?


Have you ever had a strong sensation that what you felt just, have already happened? Bet you did! This strong sensation can be you doing something like doing an activity for first time or going a new place (according to you), meeting someone in some condition, listening to some music and every possible wonders. Did you just got a strong feeling it has already happened???

Yeah, you have just experienced DEJA VU!!! But this is not the only question that hits us when we experience deja vu, our mind enquires ourselves if this actually happened before, why this happened, am i the only one who had it or IS IT SOME DESTINY? Slow down, here we will try to explore every possible question that arises from deja vu.

What exactly is Deja vu?


Deja vu or déjà vu is a French word which literally means "already seen". It is described as event of  having strong sensation that present experience has already  been  experienced  by the person in his past life. This experience could be an actual event in life.

Did it actually happen before?


There are several hypothetical theories that describe déjà vu. More pronounced is theory of memories.

If you believe that you are destined to do this, more precisely, "prophecy", then no, this is no precognition as proposed by scientists.

What is the cause behind Deja vu that never happened?


Let's get deep into this. Our brain is a complex organ that works basically sequentially as-
Experience- it could be when what and how of an event
Storage- the information is stored in form of memory
Interpretation- memory is interpreted and used to recall the information stored in that part

Now, in deja vu, it is believed is that there is some irregularity in this sequence. There is experience, which is interpreted before it is actually stored in brain. This results in a phenomenon of malfunction of memories. Brain is not able to understand the sequence and fires the experience as past experience, which actually, has not happened.

Why did i have deja vu of a similar memory that actually happened before?


This can be explained again by theory of memories. Memories are reconstructed and reused whenever there is a demand. Even the memories which are forgotten, are nevertheless stored in brain. Sometimes, the forgotten memory (but still stored) is reconstructed but may not be sufficient to relate the current experience with exact past experience. Even though the past experience is different from the current one, there is misinterpretation of memories, leading to belief that this has actually happened before.

Am i the only one to face this deja vu?


No, you are certainly not the one. According to studies, around 2/3 (approximate 70%) of healthy population suffers the phenomenon of Deja vu once in their life. There is nothing to worry about or be concerned to have a natural phenomenon of memories. Moreover, deja vu is not related to any prophecy that this was the destiny, or precognition that this ought to happen.

Can Deja vu mean i have any abnormality or disease?


99% facing deja vu are healthy people, however, sometimes deja vu can also be related to pathological diseases. The most common being, Temporal lobe epilepsy, has the strongest association with deja vu. It is believed that suffering deja vu can be prior to temporal lobe epilepsy, or it can also occur during the convulsions.

Apart from this, it has also been proposed to be linked to schizophrenia and anxiety, but there are not enough proofs to support the statement.

Drug induced deja vu can be attributed to drugs like amantadine and phenylpropanolamine, which cause hyperdopaminergic  action, that is, excess of dopamine action.

Can Deja vu be related to my dreams?


This is merely a theory. Some people believe that ASTRAL PROJECTION can be the cause of Deja vu. According to paranormal activity researchers, our spirit explores world when we fall asleep and dream. Different locations, people, feelings and events can be experienced by a person in his mere dream. This can cause strong feeling of 'already happened' when the event is actually triggered in real life.


At the end of day, Deja vu is more of game of memories, doesn't mean you have been destined nor means you have any disease, but you just had the beautiful phenomenon of nature.

TOP MEDICAL COLLEGES LIST INDIA 2015

TOP MEDICAL COLLEGES IN INDIA


The ranking of Top Medical Colleges in India has finally appeared. Check out the colleges which have got ranks as per basis of placement, infrastructure, total passing criteria and lots more.

The most popular question roaming around is why VMMC or Vardhman Mahavir Medical College,New Delhi has not been ranked in top colleges.

Rank 1

AIIMS - All India Institute Of Medical Science
Location- Delhi
Website- www.aiims.edu


Rank 2

CHRISTIAN MEDICAL COLLEGE
Location- Vellore
Website- www.cmcvellore.ac.in



Rank 3

MAULANA AZAD MEDICAL COLLEGE
Location- Delhi
Website- www.mamc.ac.in


Rank 4

ARMED FORCES MEDICAL COLLEGE
Location- Pune
Website- www.afmc.nic.in


Rank 5

LADY HARDINGE MEDICAL COLLEGE
Location- Delhi
Website- www.lhmc.in


Rank 6

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES & GTB HOSPITAL
Location- Delhi
Website- www.ucms.ac.in



Rank 7


GRANT MEDICAL COLLEGE
Location- Mumbai
Website- www.grantmedicalcollege-jjhospital.org


Rank 8

KASTURBA MEDICAL COLLEGE
Location- Manipal
Website- www.manipal.edu/kmc-manipal.html


Rank 9

KING GEORGE’S MEDICAL COLLEGE
Location- Lucknow
Website- www.kgmu.org


Rank 10

ST. JOHN'S MEDICAL COLLEGE
Location- Bengaluru
Website- www.stjohns.in/medicalcollege


Rank 11

SETH G.S. MEDICAL COLLEGE
Location- Mumbai
Website- www.kem.edu


Rank 12

MS RAMAIAH MEDICAL COLLEGE
Location- Bengaluru
Website- www.msrmc.ac.in


Rank 13

SRI RAMACHANDRA MEDICAL COLLEGE AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Location- Chennai
Website- www.sriramachandra.edu.in


Rank 14

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU MEDICAL COLLEGE
Location- Aligarh
Website- www.amu.ac.in


Rank 15

CHRISTIAN MEDICAL COLLEGE
Location- Ludhiana
Website- www.cmcludhiana.org


Rank 16

R.G KAR MEDICAL COLLEGE
Location- Kolkata
Website- www.rgkarmedicalcollege.org


Rank 17

BANGALORE MEDICAL COLLEGE
Location- Bangalore
Website- www.banglaoremedicalcollege.org


Rank 18

OSMANIA MEDICAL COLLEGE
Location- Hyderabad
Website- www.osmania.ac.in


Rank 19

K.J SOMAIYA MEDICAL COLLEGE
Location- Mumbai
Website- www.somaiya.edu


Rank 20

INSTITUTE OF POST-GRADUATE MEDICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH
Location- Kolkata
Website- www.ipgmer.gov.in